Topic outline
Topic 1
Food, Diet and Nutrition: an Overview
Maternal and childhood undernutrition
The global burden of childhood and maternal undernutrition
Food, diet and nutrition
How food keeps us healthy
What does food do for our body?
The importance of nutrients
Using nutrients to build tissue
Using nutrients to build the body
Using nutrients to produce energy
Food and nutrition: cultural and religious taboos
Nutrition, health and development
Topic 2
Nutrients and their Sources
Classification of essential nutrients
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Macronutrients in detail
Carbohydrates
Classification of carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats and oils
Classification of fats
Water
Fibre
Including fibre in the diet
Vitamins
Minerals
A balanced diet
Helping families to have good balanced diet
The mixture of foods to use
Adding other foods to the staple food
Sources of protein
Topic 3
Nutritional Requirements Throughout the Lifecycle
Why it is important to know nutritional requirements
Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation
Gaining weight in pregnancy
Eating during pregnancy
Preventing anaemia in pregnancy
Pregnant women with special needs
Nutrition during lactation (breastfeeding)
Nutritional requirements in infancy, childhood and adolescence
Adolescent growth spurt
Increased need for nutrients
Nutritional requirements during adulthood
Nutritional requirements during later years
Specific nutrient requirements in old age
Nutritional requirements throughout the life cycle: conclusion
Elderly people
Men
Women
Adolescents
School aged children
Children 1–5 years old
Babies 6-12 months
Babies under 6 months old
Topic 4
Infant and Young Child Feeding
Infant and young child feeding problems overview
Global and national recommendations for child feeding during the first 24 months
Key messages for optimal breastfeeding practices
Benefits of breastfeeding for the baby
Nutritional
Builds up immunity
Growth factors
Development factors
The infant benefits from colostrum
Benefits of breastfeeding for the mother
Benefits of breastfeeding for the family
Benefits of breastfeeding for the community
Breastfeeding difficulties
Key messages for optimal complementary feeding practices
Topic 5
Nutritional Assessment
Nutritional assessment
Anthropometric measurements used to assess growth
Length
Height
Weight
Head circumference
Converting measurements to indices
What is an indicator?
Anthropometric measurements used to assess body composition
Measurements of fat-mass (fatness)
Measuring fat-free mass (muscle mass)
Measuring the MUAC of children
Clinical methods of assessing nutritional status
Checking for bilateral pitting oedema in a child
Bitot’s spots
Goitre
Visible severe wasting
Dietary methods of assessing nutritional status
Topic 6
Common Nutritional Problems in developing countries
Types of malnutrition
Classification of malnutrition
Causes of malnutrition
Immediate causes of malnutrition
Underlying causes of malnutrition
Basic causes of malnutrition
Political factors
Cultural factors
Environmental or natural disasters
Social factors
Consequences of malnutrition for communities
Increased risk of disease and death
Low productivity of the malnourished individuals
Poor school performance and attendance
Poverty perpetuation (a vicious circle)
Intergenerational cycle of malnutrition
Strategies to promote proper nutrition in a community
Topic 7
Preventing Micronutrient Problems
The importance of micronutrients
Vitamin A, iodine and iron deficiencies
Rationale for action against vitamin A deficiency
Rationale for action against iodine deficiency
Rationale for action against iron deficiency anaemia
Causes of vitamin A, iron and iodine deficiencies
Strategies for the control of vitamin A deficiency
Estimating vitamin A supplements requirements
Administering vitamin A supplements safely using a capsule
Choking after a vitamin A dose
Dietary diversification and modification for Vitamin A
Strategies for the control of Iodine deficiency
Strategies for the control of iron deficiency anaemia
Prevention and control of vitamin A and iodine deficiencies
Prevention and control of zinc deficiency
Zinc deficiency and the Millennium Development Goals
Addressing zinc deficiency
Topic 8
Household Food Security
Household food security
Chronic and acute food insecurity
Causes of household food insecurity
Indicators of household food insecurity
Use of coping strategies as indictors of food insecurity
Dietary diversity score
Consequences of household food insecurity
Food security strategies
Nutrition emergency interventions
General food distribution
Selective feeding programmes
Topic 9
Managing Acute Malnutrition
Anthropometric criteria for defining severe and moderate acute malnutrition
Principles of management of moderate acute malnutrition
Where there is no supplementary feeding programme
Where there is a supplementary feeding programme
Child Health Days
Components of Child Health Days
Planning for CHD
Planning for supplies
Social mobilisation
CHD service organisation
Outreach site organisation
Crowd control
Reporting
Topic 10
Managing Severe Acute Malnutrition
Severe acute malnutrition: deciding patient management
Management of severe acute malnutrition
The appetite test
Interpreting the result of the appetite test
Management of severe acute malnutrition in out-patient therapeutic programme
Admission procedures
Ready-to-use therapeutic food
Routine drugs
Follow-up of severely malnourished children in an out-patient therapeutic programme
Weekly follow-up
Home visits
Discharge
Recording and reporting
The registration book
The out-patient therapeutic programme card
Monthly reporting
Organisation of the health facility to manage cases in an out-patient therapeutic programme
Supplies
Community mobilisation
Assignment of out-patient therapeutic programme days
Topic 11
Nutrition Education and Counselling
Behaviour change communication
Stages of behaviour change
Nutrition behaviour change communication
The focus of community-based nutrition BCC
Integrating the seven essential nutrition action into the six health contacts
Integrating the seven essential nutrition actions into other sectors
Nutrition behaviour change communication in food-based approaches
Growth monitoring and promotion
Objectives of growth monitoring
The ‘Triple A’ cycle approach
Counselling mothers and caregivers on child nutrition
Topic 12
Nutrition and HIV
Nutrition and infection
Poor nutrition and HIV: a vicious cycle
Breaking the cycle of HIV and undernutrition
The effects of HIV on nutrition
Nutritional care of people living with HIV
Nutritional care of HIV-positive adults and adolescents
Nutritional care of HIV-positive pregnant and lactating women
Feeding babies and children born from women who are HIV-positive
Breastfeeding and HIV
Counselling mothers who are HIV-positive
Possible feeding options for an infant born to an HIV-positive mother
Infant feeding during the first six months of life
Feeding infants and children from six–24 months of age
Strategies to decrease transmission of HIV during breastfeeding