Topic outline
Topic 1
Management and Leadership in Community Healthcare
Principles of management
What is management?
Concepts of management
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Equity
Team spirit
Division of labour
Focus on results not activities
Management functions
Planning
Organising
Leading
Coordination
Monitoring and control
Management roles and levels
Management levels
What do managers do?
What is leadership?
Leadership functions
Topic 2
Planning Health Programmes
Planning processes
Types of planning
Strategic planning
Operational planning
Stages of operational planning
Situational analysis
Problem identification
Prioritisation
Setting objectives
Reviewing your objectives
Identify and sequence activities
Identify the resources
Prepare action plans and schedules
Monitoring
Topic 3
Implementing your Health Plans
Getting organised
Building a team
Types of health team
Stages of team building
Leading a team
Different styles of leading a team
Motivating a team
Training your team
Conducting meetings
Purpose
Have an agenda
Start on time and end on time
Maintain focus
Capture action points
Get feedback
Topic 4
Monitoring and Control
Monitoring in healthcare management
The purpose of monitoring
Methods of gathering information for monitoring
Using a checklist
Supervision
Steps of managerial control
Establishing standards of performance
Measuring performance
Comparing performance with standards
Taking corrective action
Constructive and effective feedback
Giving effective feedback
Giving constructive criticism
Topic 5
Management of Supplies
What are the supplies at your health facility?
Management of equipment
The importance of good maintenance
Using an inspection checklist and inspection schedule
Ordering and controlling supplies
Ordering, recording and controlling supplies
Detecting discrepancies and explaining them
Ordering supplies to avoid wastage
Management of pharmaceutical supplies
Why pharmaceutical supplies must be managed carefully
Storing pharmaceutical supplies safely
Monitoring the use of pharmaceutical supplies
Education for the health facility team
Special education for patients and parents
Topic 6
Principles of Healthcare Ethics
Ethical issues in healthcare work
Two important ethical theories
Ethics in practice
Truthfulness and confidentiality
Autonomy
Informed consent
Beneficence and nonmaleficence
Justice
Topic 7
Ethical Dilemmas in Health Service Delivery
Ethical dilemmas and conflicts
Practitioner - client relationship
Privacy and confidentiality
Shared decision making
Allocation of scarce resources
Stigma and illness
Reproductive healthcare
Topic 8
Rights and Obligations of Health Professionals
Rights and obligations
Duties and obligations of health professional
Providing a safe, competent and ethical service
Health and wellbeing
Choice
Confidentiality
Justice
Accountability
Topic 9
General Principles of Health Research and Introduction to Community Surveys
What is health research?
Guidelines for health research
Stakeholder participation in health research
Types of health research
Basic and applied research
Quantitative and qualitative research
An introduction to surveys
Censuses, large-scale surveys and community surveys
Cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys
Questionnaires, interviews and focus groups
Basic questions to ask in a community survey
Topic 10
Developing Your Community Profile
What is a community profile?
What is the purpose of the community profile?
What types of data will you collect for a new community profile?
Demographic data
Epidemiological data
Health service data
Data on knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP)
Topic 11
Data Collection and Analysis for Your Baseline Community Survey
Collecting data
Observation
Interviewing
Written questionnaires
Focus group discussions
Ideal characteristics of a focus group discussion
The value of focus groups
Bias in data collection
Data processing and checking for errors
Data analysis
Summarising quantitative data
Frequencies
Mean, median and mode
Proportion and percentage
Cumulative percentage
Ethical considerations
Topic 12
Writing Your Community Profile Report and Moving on to Small-Scale Research
Writing a report on your community survey
Components of a community profile report
Identifying problems for further investigation
Clarifying the problem of malaria infection in your community
Criteria for choosing health problems to research
Poor sanitary conditions: creating a research question
Community participation in prioritising health issues
Choosing which topic to research
Clarifying your research question
What other sources should you consult?
Research objectives
Topic 13
Research Strategies and Study Designs for Small-Scale Research
What is the study population?
Variables in health research
Types of study design
Observational and experimental studies
Types of observational studies
Cross-sectional studies
Case-control studies
Cohort studies
Selecting the appropriate study type to investigate a particular problem
Topic 14
Sampling Methods and Sample Size in Small-Scale Research
What is meant by sampling?
Why do you need a representative sample?
Probability sampling methods
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified random sampling
Non-probability sampling methods
Purposeful sampling
Quota sampling
Snowball sampling
Census sampling
Sample size
Topic 15
Extended Case Study on Health Management, Ethics and Research
Setting the scene for Alemitu’s case study
Collecting data for the community profile
Collecting epidemiological data and taking appropriate actions
Using community survey data to improve immunization coverage
Dealing with a measles outbreak